ons of human beings. one vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions.
to communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction.
for while a scientist's job has largely ended when he's reduced his data to tabular or graph from, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. his task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. but the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. the people may be nonhuman. they may be robots or other types of machines. but they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes.
the art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. the formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. give him a weakness. set him in conflict with another powerful character -- or perhaps with nature. let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. and there you have a story. whether it's abraham offering his only son to god, or paris bringing ruin to troy over a woman, or hamlet and claudius playing their deadly game, faust seeking the world's knowledge and power -- the stories that stand out in the minds of the reader are those whose characters are unforgettable.
to show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the problems lurking ahead, is not enough. the writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. and something much more important: he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. for our future is largely in our own hands. it doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. this is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. but it's a point that science fiction makes constantly: the future belongs to us -- whatever it is. we make it, our actions shape tomorrow. we have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try.
thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. never has such a bridge been more desperately needed.
writing in the british journal new scientist, the famed poet and historian robert graves said in 1972, "technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry."
what graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. and he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavours such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize.
apparently graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.
but as a historian, graves should be aware that james clerk maxwell's brilliant insight about electromagnetism -- the guess that visible light is only one small slice of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, a guess that forms the basis for electronics technology -- was an intuitive leap into the unknown. maxwell had precious little evidence to back up his guess. the evidence came later. the list of wild jumps of intuition made by these supposedly stolid, humorless scientists is long indeed.
scientists are human beings! they are just as human, intuitive, and emotional as anyone else. but most people don't realize this. they don't know scientists, any more than they know much about science.
today most people still tend to hold scientists in awe. after all, scientists have brought us nuclear weapons, modern medicines, space flight, and underarm deodorants. yet at the same time, we see scientists derided as fuzzy-brained eggheads or as coldly ruthless, emotionless makers of monsters. scientists are minority group, and like most minorities they're largely hidden from the public's sight, tucked away in ghettos -- laboratories, campuses, field sites out in the desert or on pacific atolls.
before the public can understand an
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