federal deposit iion, 1964-1970: a run on a bank meahrough the lobby a door and down around the block, people waiting day and night to get up to see if they could withdraw their cash.
keh randall,1964-1970年美国联邦存款保险公司主席:挤兑意味着队伍从大厅排到门外,并且一直延续到街区,人们整天等在那里看能不能把现金提走。
narrator: the millions that ot l.
旁白:数百万人再也不能失去任何东西。
keh randall: if you look at the period of time from '29 on, about half the baed states closed.
keh randall: 那个时期从1929年开始,大约有一半的美国银行倒闭。
narratover failed to halt the doiral. in fact, it made things worse.
旁白:政府没能成功地阻止下泻之势。事实上,它使事情变得更糟糕。
or: private stru virtually ceases. mills and factories shut down. railroads e to a virtual standstill. millions of ameris -- men, wome in the bread lines, in soup kits. three million ameris are ex-wage earners, uhe ranks of the uo soar to 15 million.
新闻片旁白:私人建筑业事实上已经中止;工厂停产;铁路运输陷入事实上的停顿状态。成百万美国人-男人、妇女和孩子-在寒风中等待分配救济品。三百万人失业,这个数字很快飞涨到一千五百万。
ole: europe, 1931
字幕标题:欧洲,1931年
narrator: banks collapsed. industry ground to a stop. millio of work. in britain, w men, maerahe length of the try to petitio for the simple ”right to work.” in italy, spaihey marched to a different drum. with the failure of capitalism, fascism cast its shadow ever wider. john maynard keynes saw his rue.
旁白:银行倒闭;工厂停工;上百万人失业。工人-他们中的许多人是参加过战争的老兵-在全国范围内举行示威游行,向政府要求“工作的权力”。而意大利、西班牙和德国的游行则发展到另一种不同的结果。随着资本主义的失败,法西斯主义扩大了它的影响。john maynard keynes看到他的梦魇正在变成事实。
in cambridge, keyo save capitalism from itself by writing a book about what caused the great depression and what to do about it. he aimed to rewrite the rules of eics, to see a try's ey as a whole, as a mae that anaged.
在剑桥,凯恩斯通过撰写一部关于大萧条的原因及应该如何应付它的著作开始从资本主义制度本身寻求拯救之道。
robert skidelsky: keyhe real ior of maicepts we take fraoday, like gross domestic product, the level of uhe rate of inflation, all to do with geures of the ey, were ied by him.
robert skidelsky:凯恩斯是宏观经济学的真正创始人。我们今天认为理所当然的一些概念,例如国内生产总值、失业水平、通货膨胀率等所有用来刻画经济总体特性的指标,都是他提出来的。
geoffrey harcourt: he was writing a book which he thought would revolutiohought about eic systems. it would also give us the meahey operated better.
geoffrey harcourt:他认为他正在撰写的这部著作将使我们考虑经济体系的方式发生革命性的变化。它还将告诉我们如何让经济运行得更好。
robert skidelsky: it was written against the bad of not only the collapse of the world ey, but the potential overler beany in 1933. democracy seemed to be losing ground, and with democracy, the system of liberty. so keyo produswer to the great depression, or democracy would be sed by totalitaria skidelsky:这部著作的写作背景不仅是世界经济的崩溃,还有潜在的民主政府垮台的危机。1933年希特勒成为德国总理。民主似乎正在退却;与民主一样的还有自由体制。因此凯恩斯必须为大萧条找到一个答案,否则民主就会被极权主义吞没。
chapter 5: global depression [5:26]
第五章:全球性的萧条
ole: washington, , 1933
字幕标题:华盛顿,哥伦比亚特区,1933年
narrator: the neresident, franklin dela, was staring eic disaster in the face. his wife, eleanor, desauguration day as ”very solemn, and a little terrifying.”
旁白:新的美国总统-franklin dela-面对这场经济灾难表现出色。他的夫人-eleanor-形容就职典礼日“非常庄严,有点令人生畏”。
franklin delahis great nation will e has endured, will revive and will prosper. i shall ask the gress for the io meet the crisis: broad executive power.
罗斯福,美国总统:我们伟大的国家将象过去一样顽强坚持下去,将会实现复兴和繁荣。我将要求国会给予我广泛的行政权利,这是剩下来的能够对付危机的手段。
narrator: roosevelt's voifideion.
旁白:罗斯福自信的声音令整个国家为之振奋。
he then embarked on a whirlwind program of reform.
然后他着手开始进行旋风式的改革计划。
daniel yergin: for roosevelt and the was a war. they ith the great depression, and they respoh freivity, relief programs for the uhe hungry; pret people back to work. they built dams and highways and national parks. at the same time they instituted a pr capitalism in a way that had never been done before, ie what they saw as the reess of the u.
丹尼尔.尤金:对罗斯福和他的新政来说,这是一场战争。他们在和大萧条作战,以狂烈的行动作为回应-救济失业者和挨饿者,让人们重新回到工作岗位上。他们修建水坝、公路和国家公园。同时,他们制定了一项计划,该计划将以前所未有的方式对资本主义进行调控,以保护人们免受自由市场无序发展所带来的伤害。
narrator: privately, roosevelt feared the market system had failed, so he entir
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